Iyo inoshanda uye yakachengeteka kamuri yekuchenesa mhepo inochengetedza nharaunda isina hutachiona yekamuri yekushanda, uye inogona kusangana neyakaomesesa nharaunda inodiwa pakuisirwa nhengo, moyo, tsinga yeropa, artificial joint replacement uye mamwe maoperation.
Iko kushandiswa kwepamusoro-kushanda uye yakaderera-chepfu disinfectants, pamwe nekushandisa zvine musoro, matanho ane simba ekuona nharaunda isina hutachiona yemakamuri ese ekushanda.Zvinoenderana nekukurukurirana nguva dzose uye kudzokororwa kudzokororwa, iyo yakadzokororwa "General Hospital Architectural Design Code", izvo zvinongedzo pamakamuri ekushanda zvakajairika zvinozotemerwa sekuti: "Makamuri ekuvhiya anofanirwa kushandisa masisitimu emhepo ane mafirita ekupedzisira asina kuderera kupfuura mafirita akanyanya kana mweya mutsva.Ventilation system.Chengetedza kumanikidzwa kwakanaka muimba, uye nhamba yekuchinja kwemhepo haifaniri kudarika 6 nguva / h ".Kune mamwe ma paramita asina kubatikana, akadai setembiricha uye humidity, ndapota tarisa kuKirasi IV yakachena yekuvhiya imba.
Kurongeka kwekamuri yekuvhiya
Zvinoenderana nechiyero che sterility kana sterility yekuvhiya, imba yekuvhiya inogona kukamurwa muzvikamu zvishanu zvinotevera:
(1) Kamuri yekuvhiya yeKirasi I: ndiko kuti, imba yekuvhiya yekucheneswa, iyo inonyanya kugamuchira maoparesheni akadai sehuropi, moyo, uye kuisirwa nhengo.
(2) Kirasi II kamuri yekuvhiya: imba yekuvhiya isina hutachiona, iyo inonyanya kugamuchira maoparesheni easeptic senge splenectomy, kuderedzwa kwakazaruka kwekutsemuka kwakavharwa, intraocular surgery, uye thyroidectomy.
(3) Kirasi III yekamuri yekuvhiya: ndiko kuti, imba yekuvhiya ine mabhakitiriya, iyo inogamuchira kuvhiyiwa padumbu, gallbladder, chiropa, appendix, itsvo, mapapu uye zvimwe zvikamu.
(4) Kirasi IV yekamuri yekuvhiya: iyo hutachiona kamuri yekuvhiya, iyo inonyanya kugamuchira maoparesheni akadai seye appendix perforation peritonitis kuvhiyiwa, tuberculous abscess, abscess incision uye drainage, nezvimwe.
(5) Kirasi V yekuvhiya imba: ndiko kuti, iyo yakakosha imba yekuvhiya hutachiona, iyo inonyanya kugamuchira maoparesheni ezvirwere zvakaita sePseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus gas gangrene, uye Bacillus tetanus.
Zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwakasiyana, makamuri ekuvhiya anogona kukamurwa kuita kuvhiyiwa kwakawanda, orthopedics, obstetrics uye gynecology, kuvhiyiwa kwehuropi, kuvhiyiwa kwemoyo, urology, kupisa, ENT uye mamwe makamuri ekushandisa.Sezvo mashandiro ehunyanzvi hwakasiyana achiwanzoda midziyo yakakosha uye zviridzwa, makamuri ekushanda emabasa ehunyanzvi anofanirwa kunge akamisikidzwa.
Imba yekushanda yakakwana inosanganisira zvikamu zvinotevera:
① Hutsanana yekupfuura kamuri: inosanganisira imba yekuchinja shangu, imba yekupfeka, imba yekugezera, imba yekugezera yemhepo, nezvimwe;
②Imba yekuvhiya: inosanganisira yakajairika kamuri yekuvhiya, isina kuvhiyiwa imba yekuvhiya, laminar inoyerera yekuchenesa imba yekugezera, nezvimwe;
③ Imba yekuvhiya yekubatsira: inosanganisira chimbuzi, kamuri yeanesthesia, kamuri yekumutsidzira, imba yekutsvaira, imba yepurasita, nezvimwe;
④ Kamuri yekuchengetera hutachiona: inosanganisira imba yekuuraya hutachiona, imba yekugovera, imba yemidziyo, imba yekupfeka, nezvimwe;
⑤ Kamuri yekuongorora murabhoritari: inosanganisira X-ray, endoscopy, pathology, Ultrasound uye mamwe makamuri ekuongorora;
⑥Imba yekudzidzisa: inosanganisira tafura yekutarisa, yakavharwa-yeterevhizheni kirasi yekuratidzira, nezvimwe;
Divisheni yedunhu
Imba yekuvhiya inofanira kunyatsokamurwa kuita nzvimbo inorambidzwa (sterile operating room), semi-restricted area (yakasvibiswa imba yekuvhiya) uye isina kurambidzwa.Kune maviri magadzirirwo ekuparadzaniswa kwenzvimbo nhatu: imwe ndeyekumisa nzvimbo yakaganhurirwa uye semi-yakaganhurirwa nzvimbo muzvikamu zviviri pauriri hwakasiyana.Iyi dhizaini inogona kuita zvachose kuparadzaniswa kwehutsanana, asi inoda maviri seti yezvivakwa, inowedzera vashandi, uye inonetsa kubata;maviri Kuti ugadzire nzvimbo dzakadziviswa uye nzvimbo dzisingabvumirwi muzvikamu zvakasiyana zvepasi rimwe chete, iyo yepakati inoshandurwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yakavharidzirwa, uye midziyo inogoverwa, iyo inonyanya kukoshesa kugadzira nekugadzirisa.
Nzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa dzinosanganisira makamuri ekuvhiya asina utachiona, zvimbuzi, makamuri asina hutachiona, makamuri ekuchengetera zvinodhaka, nezvimwewo. Nzvimbo dzakarambidzwa dzinosanganisira makamuri ekuvhiyiwa echimbichimbi kana makamuri ekuvhiya akasvibiswa, makamuri ekugadzirira midziyo, makamuri ekugadzirira anesthesia, nemakamuri ekuuraya utachiona.Munzvimbo isingabvumirwe, mune makamuri ekupfekedza, makamuri epurasita, makamuri emuenzaniso, makamuri ekuchenesa tsvina, makamuri eanesthesia nemakamuri ekugadziridza, mahofisi evanamukoti, dzimba dzekutandarira dzevashandi vezvokurapa, maresitorendi, uye dzimba dzekuzororera dzenhengo dzemhuri dzevarwere vanovhiyiwa.Imba yebasa uye hofisi yemukoti inofanira kunge iri pedyo nemusuwo.
Kuumbwa kwenzvimbo yekamuri yekushanda
Imba yekuvhiya inofanirwa kunge iri munzvimbo ine runyararo, yakachena uye iri nyore yekutaurirana nemadhipatimendi akakodzera.Zvipatara zvine zvivakwa zvakaderera sechivako chikuru chinofanira kusarudza mativi, uye zvipatara zvine zvivakwa zvakakwirira semutumbi mukuru unofanira kusarudza uriri hwepakati pechivako chikuru.Nheyo yekumisikidzwa kwenzvimbo yekamuri yekuvhiya nemamwe madhipatimendi nemadhipatimendi ndeyekuti iri padyo nedhipatimendi rekushanda, bhangi reropa, dhipatimendi rekufungidzira, dhipatimendi rekuongorora murabhoritari, dhipatimendi rekuongorora chirwere, nezvimwe, izvo zviri nyore kubata basa, uye inofanira kunge iri kure nemakamuri ebhailer, makamuri ekugadzirisa, zviteshi zvekuchenesa tsvina, nezvimwewo, kudzivirira kusvibiswa uye kuderedza ruzha.Imba yekuvhiya inofanirwa kudzivirira kupenya kwezuva zvakanyanya sezvinobvira, zviri nyore kutarisana nekuchamhembe, kana shaded negirazi rine ruvara kuti riite mwenje wekugadzira.Maonero ekamuri yekuvhiya anofanirwa kudzivirira mavhaira emhepo kuti aderedze guruva remukati uye kusvibiswa kwemhepo.Inowanzo kurongwa nenzira yepakati, ichigadzira nzvimbo yekurapa yakasununguka, kusanganisira chikamu chekushanda uye chikamu chekugovera.
Layout
Kurongeka kwese kwedhipatimendi rekamuri rekushandisa kunonzwisisika.Kupinda mukamuri yekuvhiya kunotora nzira mbiri-chani, senge isina hutachiona nzira dzekuvhiya, kusanganisira dzevashandi vekurapa, nzira dzevarwere, uye dzakachena zvinhu zvekupa nzira;nzira dzisina kuchena dzekurasa:
Yakasvibiswa Logistics yezviridzwa uye mapfekero mushure mekuvhiyiwa.Kune zvakare nzira yakasvibira yakatsaurirwa yekununura varwere, kuitira kuti vanorwara zvakanyanya vagone kurapwa nenguva.Inogona kuita kuti basa redhipatimendi rekushanda riite zvirinani kuita disinfection uye kuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, kuchena uye kunzvenga, uye kudzivirira kutapukira kusvika pamwero mukuru.
Imba yekuvhiya yakakamurwa kuita makamuri akawanda ekuvhiya.Maererano nemwero wakasiyana-siyana wekucheneswa, kune mazana maviri emakamuri ekuvhiya, zviuru zviviri zvemakamuri ekuvhiya, uye mana ezviuru gumi-mamwero ekuvhiya.Mhando dzakasiyana dzemakamuri ekushanda dzine kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana: 100-level makamuri ekushanda Anoshandiswa pakugadzirisa majoini, neurosurgery, chirwere chemwoyo;Kirasi 1000 yekamuri yekuvhiya inoshandiswa kune kirasi yekuvhiya maronda mune orthopaedics, kuvhiyiwa kwese, uye kuvhiyiwa kwepurasitiki;Kirasi 10,000 yekamuri yekushanda inoshandiswa pakuvhiyiwa kwe thoracic, ENT, urology uye kuvhiyiwa kwakawanda Mukuwedzera kune kushanda kwekirasi yemaronda;imba yekuvhiya ine yakanaka uye yakaipa kudzvanywa switching inogona kushandiswa kune yakakosha hutachiona mashandiro.Kuchenesa mhepo yekumisikidza kunoita basa risingadzokerike mukudzivirira kutapukirwa uye kuve nechokwadi chekubudirira kwekuvhiya, uye chinhu chakakosha kutsigira tekinoroji mukamuri yekuvhiya.Dzimba dzepamusoro-soro dzekushanda dzinoda mhepo yakachena yakachena, uye mhepo yakachena yakachena inogona kuve nechokwadi chepamusoro chemakamuri ekushanda.
Kucheneswa kwemhepo
Kudzvinyirirwa kwemhepo yekamuri yekuvhiya kunosiyana zvichienderana nezvinodiwa zvehutsanana munzvimbo dzakasiyana (senge imba yekuvhiya, imba yekugadzirira isina kuchena, imba yekugezera, imba yeanesthesia nenzvimbo dzakatenderedza dzakachena, nezvimwewo).Akasiyana mazinga e laminar kuyerera anoshanda makamuri ane akasiyana mhepo kuchena zviyero.Semuenzaniso, iyo US Federal Standard 1000 nhamba yeguruva particles ≥ 0.5 μm per cubic foot of air, ≤ 1000 particles kana ≤ 35 particles per litre yemhepo.Muyero we10000-level laminar flow operating room ndiyo nhamba yeguruva particles ≥0.5μm per cubic foot of air, ≤10000 particles kana ≤350 particles per litre yemhepo.Zvichingoenda zvakadaro.Chinangwa chikuru chekushanda mukamuri yekufefetera ndechekubvisa gasi rekubuda mukamuri yega yega yebasa;kuve nechokwadi chehuwandu hunodiwa hwemhepo yakachena muimba yega yega yekushanda;kubvisa guruva uye microorganisms;kuchengetedza kudiwa kwakanaka kudzvinyirira muimba.Kune marudzi maviri e mechanical ventilation iyo inogona kusangana neventilation zvinodiwa zveimba yekushanda.Kusanganiswa kwekushandiswa kwemechanicha yemhepo yekupa uye mekiniki kupera: Iyi nzira yekufemesa inogona kudzora huwandu hwekuchinja kwemhepo, mhepo yemhepo uye indoor pressure, uye mhepo yekufemesa iri nani.Mechanical mhepo yekupa uye mhepo yekubuda yepanyama inoshandiswa pamwe chete.Nguva yekufemesa nemhepo yeiyi nzira yekufemesa inogumira kune imwe nhanho, uye mhepo yekufemesa haina kunaka seyaimbova.Hutsanana hweimba yekushanda hunonyanya kusiyaniswa nehuwandu hwehupfu hwemhepo mumhepo uye nhamba yezvinyorwa zvehupenyu.Parizvino, inonyanya kushandiswa ndiyo NASA classification standard.Iyo tekinoroji yekuchenesa inozadzikisa chinangwa che sterility nekudzora hutsanana hwemhepo inopa kuburikidza nekunatswa kwekumanikidza kwakanaka.
Zvinoenderana neakasiyana nzira dzekupa mhepo, tekinoroji yekuchenesa inogona kukamurwa kuita marudzi maviri: turbulent flow system uye laminar kuyerera system.(1) Turbulence system (Multi-Directional Manner): Iyo mhepo yekugovera chiteshi uye yakakwirira-inoshanda sefa yemhepo inotenderera inoyerera iri padenga, uye chiteshi chekudzoka kwemhepo chiri pamativi ese kana chikamu chezasi chemadziro edivi rimwe. .Iyo sefa uye kurapwa kwemhepo zviri nyore, uye kuwedzera kuri nyore., Mutengo wacho wakaderera, asi nhamba yekuchinja kwemhepo idiki, kazhinji 10 kusvika 50 nguva / h, uye zviri nyore kugadzira eddy currents, uye zvidimbu zvinosvibisa zvinogona kumiswa uye kutenderera munzvimbo yemukati eddy ikozvino, zvichiita kusvibisa kuyerera kwemhepo uye kuderedza dhigirii rekuchenesa mukati.Inoshanda chete ku10,000-1,000,000 dzimba dzekuchenesa muNASA zviyero.(2) Laminal flow system: Iyo laminar inoyerera system inoshandisa mhepo ine yunifomu yekugovera uye yakakodzera kuyerera mwero kuunza zvimedu neguruva kubva mukamuri yekushandisa kuburikidza nekudzoka kwemhepo yekubuda, pasina kugadzira eddy ikozvino, saka hapana guruva rinoyangarara, uye dhigirii rekuchenesa rinoshanduka nekuchinja.Inogona kuvandudzwa nekuwedzera huwandu hwenguva dzemhepo uye inokodzera 100-level makamuri ekushanda muNASA zviyero.Nekudaro, chiyero chekukuvadza kwesefa chisimbiso chakakura, uye mutengo wakakwira.
Zvishandiso zvemukamuri yekushandisa
Madhuri nemasirin'i emakamuri ekuvhiyira akagadzirwa nezvinhu zvisinganzwi, zvakasimba, zvakatsetseka, zvisina chinhu, zvisingapindi moto, zvinodzivirira hunyoro, uye zvinhu zviri nyore kuchenesa.Mavara iblue blue uye light green.Makona akatenderedzwa kudzivirira guruva kuungana.Marambi ekuona mafirimu, makabati emishonga, maconsoles, nezvimwewo zvinofanira kuiswa mumadziro.Mukova unofanirwa kuve wakafara uye usina chikumbaridzo, izvo zviri nyore kuti mota dzakafuratira dzipinde nekubuda.Dzivisa kushandisa magonhi echitubu ari nyore kuzungunuka kudzivirira huruva nemabhakitiriya kubhururuka nekuda kwekuyerera kwemhepo.Mahwindo anofanirwa kuve akaiswa kaviri, zviri nani aruminiyamu alloy mahwindo efafitera, ayo anobatsira kuvhuvhu uye kupisa kwemafuta.Girazi rehwindo rinofanira kuva rakashama.Hupamhi hwekoridho hunofanira kunge husingasviki 2.5m, izvo zviri nyore kuti mota yakafuratira imhanye uye kudzivirira kudhumhana pakati pevanhu vanopfuura.Pasi panofanirwa kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvakaoma, zvakatsetseka uye zviri nyore kukweshwa.Ivhu rakarerekera zvishoma kune kona, uye dhiri repasi rinoiswa pazasi kuti riite nyore kubuda kwetsvina, uye maburi emvura anovharwa kudzivirira mweya wakasviba kuti usapinda mukamuri kana kuvharwa nezvinhu zvekunze.
Imba yekushanda magetsi inofanira kuva nemagetsi maviri-chikamu chekupa magetsi kuti ave nechokwadi chekushanda kwakachengeteka.Panofanira kunge paine zvigadziko zvemagetsi zvakakwana mukamuri yega yega yekuvhiya kufambisa magetsi ezviridzwa zvakasiyana uye midziyo.Iyo socket inofanirwa kunge ine anti-spark mudziyo, uye panofanira kunge paine conductive midziyo pasi pekamuri yekuvhiya kudzivirira kuputika kunokonzerwa nemoto.Chigadziko chemagetsi chinofanirwa kuvharwa nechivharo chekudzivirira kuti mvura isapinda, kuitira kuti irege kuparara kwedunhu kunokanganisa kushanda.Iyo huru yemagetsi tambo iri pakati pemadziro, uye yepakati yekuyamwa uye oksijeni pombi michina inofanirwa kunge iri mumadziro.Zvigadzirwa zvekuvhenekesa Kuvhenekera kwese kunofanirwa kuiswa pamadziro kana padenga.Magetsi ekuvhiya anofanirwa kuiswa nemwenje isina mumvuri, uye mwenje wekusimudza wakasununguka.Nzvimbo dzemvura nedziviriro dzemoto: matepi anofanirwa kuiswa muwekishopu yega yega kuti afambise kutsvaira.Zvokudzimisa moto zvinofanira kuiswa mumakoridho uye mumakamuri ebetsero kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuchengeteka.Mvura inopisa uye inotonhora uye high-pressure steam inofanira kuvimbiswa zvizere.Ventilation, filtration uye sterilization mudziyo: makamuri emazuva ano ekushandisa anofanirwa kumisa mhepo yakakwana, kusefa uye sterillization mudziyo wekuchenesa mhepo.Nzira dzekufambisa mhepo dzinosanganisira mhirizhonga inoyerera, laminar kuyerera uye vertical type, iyo inogona kusarudzwa sezvakakodzera.Yekupinda mukamuri yekupinda uye yekubuda nzira dhizaini: Iyo dhizaini yedhizaini yekupinda uye yekubuda nzira inofanirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvemaitiro maitiro uye utsanana zvikamu.Nzira nhatu dzekupinda nekubuda nadzo dzinofanirwa kugadzirwa, imwe yekupinda nekubuda kwevashandi, yechipiri yevarwere vakuvara, uye yechitatu yekutenderera nzira dzekugovera senge mapfekero emidziyo., edza kuzviparadzanisa uye kudzivisa kutapukira.
Kudzora tembiricha yekamuri yekuvhiya kwakakosha zvakanyanya, uye panofanira kunge paine yekutonhodza nekudziisa.Iyo air conditioner inofanirwa kuiswa padenga repamusoro, tembiricha yekamuri inofanira kuchengetwa pa24-26 ℃, uye hunyoro hunofanira kunge huine 50%.Imba yekuvhiya yakawanda ndeye 35-45 square metres, uye iyo yakakosha kamuri inenge 60 square metres, yakakodzera kuvhiyiwa kwecardiopulmonary bypass, organ transplantation, nezvimwewo;nzvimbo duku yekamuri yekushanda ndeye 20-30 square metres.
Nguva yekutumira: Jul-08-2022